New Hampshire N. California Calif. New Jersey N. Colorado Colo. New Mexico N. Connecticut Conn. New York N. Delaware Del. North Carolina N. Florida Fla. North Dakota N. Georgia Ga. Idaho Idaho Oregon Ore. Illinois Ill.
Pennsylvania Pa. Indiana Ind. Rhode Island R. Iowa Iowa South Carolina S. Kansas Kan. South Dakota S. Kentucky Ky. Tennessee Tenn. Louisiana La. Vermont Vt. Massachusetts Mass. Virginia Va. Michigan Mich. Washington Wash. Minnesota Minn. West Virginia W. Mississippi Miss. Wisconsin Wis. Missouri Mo. Wyoming Wyo.
Only those with an MD are referred to as Dr. Hawktober Weekend, Commencement, Orientation etc. Capitalize city if part of a proper name, an integral part of an official name, or a regularly used nickname: Kansas City, New York City, Windy City, City of Light, Fun City, Greater Hartford but greater Hartford region Lowercase elsewhere: a Texas city; the city government; the city Board of Education; and all city of phrases: the city of Hartford.
Lowercase when not part of the formal title: city Health Commissioner Frank Smith. Capitalize any subsequent elements unless they are articles, prepositions of four letters or fewer, or coordinating conjunctions such as and, or, but, for, or nor, or such modifiers as flat or sharp following musical key symbols. If the first element is merely a prefix or combining form that could not stand by itself as a word anti, pre, etc.
Capitalize the second element in a hyphenated spelled-out number twenty-one or twenty-first, etc. Names of fields of study, programs, major areas or major subjects, unless they are proper nouns. She is majoring in Spanish and economics.
Each student must satisfy requirements in the humanities, social sciences and physical sciences. Classes of students at the University: First-year students are required to take a writing course. My sister is a junior majoring in finance. Unofficial or descriptive titles preceding a name: poet Michael Waters, faculty member Tom Bradley Titles of officers of a class, social organization, etc. He is treasurer of the Student Government Association. The abbreviations a. Seasons of the year or semester designations: We had a very chilly spring this year.
He plans to change his major in the spring semester. Honorary terms: cum laude, summa cum laude, magna cum laude. For PhD, use doctorate noun or doctoral degree adjective. Introduces a list in a sentence or a quote, separates major parts of a sentence. Follow a statement that introduces a direct quotation of one or more sentences with a colon: This is what the message said: "Call your mother when you get in.
Bring your ideas and an open mind with you. We were instructed as follows: bring your ideas and an open mind with you. She went to pick up a few things, including coffee, cream, milk and muffins.
Do not use a colon after a preposition to set off the copy that follows, whether horizontally or vertically laid out: E-mail any questions to Pamela Frazier, director of budget and financial analysis, frazier hartford. Separates words independent phrases or clauses in a sentence. The serial comma is used in a series of elements. Use a comma in a series and before the final "and" or "or.
Articles, conjunctions, and prepositions do not get capital letters unless they start the title. Use title case for reports and documents. Menu standards: the menu sub-hed should have the first word capped unless it is a continuation of the heading.
Capitalization General Rules 1. Do not capitalize university unless used within a complete, formal title. Use lowercase for informal names of departments: financial aid office the college liberal arts 6. Use lowercase for generic terms that precede or follow plural proper nouns: San Francisco and Beaver streets Gabaldon and Raymond halls lakes Powell and Mead Academic and Administrative Titles 1. Capitalize when the title is part of the name and directly precedes or follows it: Professor Ana Yazzie Ana Yazzie, Professor of communication 2.
Use lowercase when the title is a descriptive tag: a diligent professor, Ana Yazzie 3. Avery, Professor Emeritus 7. Academic Degrees 1. Academic Departments 1.
That campus offers bachelor's and master's degrees. You can also use "bachelor's" and "master's" on its own, but do not capitalize. Example: She said she hoped to earn her master's by next spring. Capitalize names of specific degrees or honors when they follow a personal name: Jose J. Gonzalez, Doctor of Philosophy; Bachelor of Science in nursing or bachelor's degree in nursing; Master of Arts in education or master's degree in education; Master of Public Administration or master's degree in public administration.
His major is English; her major is engineering. Sue is majoring in Asian studies. General subjects are lowercase algebra, chemistry , but the names of specific courses are capitalized Algebra I, Introduction to Sociology. See Exceptions below. Use lower case in textual matter The senate committees will meet in August; Janet Millar will serve as a senator; Christine Miller will attend the senate meeting in August.
Academic Years and Terms Lowercase words designating academic terms and years freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, fall semester, summer quarter, spring After a Colon Capitalize the first word after a colon if what follows is a grammatically complete sentence; otherwise, lowercase the first word unless it is normally capitalized.
An exception to this is if the colon is used as a kind of dash indicating a logical connection between the clauses, rather than performing its usual function of introducing what follows. Use consistency, however, and don't have a sentence that says: "Visitors to Southern California increased, while those to northern California decreased.
Chapters, Figures in a document Capitalize references to specific chapters, figures, etc. In Chapter 3 you will find. The appendix include. As such, it becomes acceptable to utilize the abbreviation to avoid this. In most instances, it would be sufficient to use general terms to describe an academic degree in place of their full names. In fact, using these general terms is preferable to using the complete name of the academic degree.
This is also the case with the use of initials. It is inappropriate to use both a degree and a courtesy title in the same sentence. The preferred option is to use the degree while referring to the holder. Alternatively, you can use the courtesy title and omit the degree. However, never use both in a single sentence. It is common for individuals to address individuals with a PhD as Dr.
X on the first reference when writing. However, this does not reflect the best standards.
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