The birth of the first cities in Mesopotamia proper is somewhat better understood due to the early onset of writing whereas in other parts of the Near East, information on incipient development is nonexistent, lost or scant. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
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This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. New York, Google Scholar. Raban, op. Raban and E. Galili, op. Issar, op. Kempe and E. Degens, in Geologische Rundschau.
Lemcke and M. Sturm op. El-Moslimany, op. Kay and D. Johnson, op. Frumkin et al. Migowski et al. Goldberg and A. Levy, op. Issar, Y. Govrin, M. Geyh, E. Wakshal and M. Bar-Matthews, et al. Sanders ed. Garden City, New York. Edwards, C. Gadd, and N. Hammonds eds. Kenyon, Archaeology in the Holy Land , 4th ed, W. Norton, New York Hadidi ed. Department of Antiquities, Amman. Broshi, and R. Avner, op. Moran ed.
The reader may find an elaborate discussion of the processes of urbanization in Chaps. Kramer, The Sumerians , p. Bermant and M. Weitzman, Ebla , Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London This scheme is still upheld in some recent publications, such as E.
Other scholars might have slightly different chronology, such as W. Last second world acquired sizable urban population. Old stone age. No permanent settlements. No food surplus, lived day-to-day. Middle to new stone age, 10, to 5, years ago. First permanent settlements. Early forms of human settlement. Permanent Settlement in dense aggregations. Nonagricultural Specialists. Taxation and Wealth Accumulation. Monumental Public Buildings.
Ruling Class. Writing Techniques. Predictive Science. Artistic Expression. Trade for Vital materials. Decline in importance of Kinship. Favorable ecological conditions. Some sort of trade or food surplus. About 4, BC. Agricultural Cities wheat, barley, sheep, goats. Walled cities with populations of about 25, Wheeled Vehicles. Houses of dried or fired mud brick. Winding Streets, narrow and unpaved.
Poor sanitation, refuse thrown into streets. Poor lived at periphery but inside walls. Merchants and Craftsman closer to center. Nobility, Priests, Warriors lived at center. Vulnerable and Plagued by major problems. Fire, out of control cooking fires.
Disease, linked to poor sanitation. Threat of invasion by enemies. Similar to Mesopotamian cities but were not walled. Slightly smaller than Mesopotamian Cities. Emerged around 2, BC.
First cities to show signs of planned development. More egalitarian cities. Feudal system. Age of the Vikings and Islam. Importance of church life crucial, Roman Catholic. Crusades: armed marches by Christian European groups. Population pressures. Technology--tools and techniques. Emergence of Agriculture. Trade Between Villages. Division of Labor. Organized Religion. Organized Government. Transportation Technologies.
Higher productivity in agriculture. Cities as centers of imperial power. Industrial Revolution. Self-employed petty craftsmen and traders. Bourgeoisie--owners of the means of production. The unemployed poor--underclass. Work in the factories-monotonous, hours a day. Child labor. No security as in the countryside.
Industrial urbanization was largely spontaneous. Urban policies to address these problems. Other urban problems: pauperism, crime. Interdependence and hierarchy among cities. National economic and political unity, nation-states. In richer countries:. In poorer countries:.
Relatively little industrial growth in cities.
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